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| c. 1010 |
| | | Firdausi completes his great chronicle of Persian history, the Shah-nama, which becomes established as Iran's national epic | |
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| c. 1020 |
| | | The Persian scholar Avicenna, author of encyclopedic works on philosophy and medicine, spends the last part of his life in Isfahan | |
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| 1040 |
| | | The Seljuk Turks win a victory at Dandanqan, which gives them a base in the north of Iran and Afghanistan | |
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| c. 1080 |
| | | Omar Khayyám, mathematician and astronomer, writes four-line verses, or quatrains, in his spare time | |
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| 1099 |
| | | Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | The Assassins, a sect of Nizari Ismailis, begin to acquire strongholds in Persia | |
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| c. 1220 |
| | | Within a span of less than ten years, from 1215, Genghis Khan and the Mongols plunder from China to eastern Europe | |
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| 1237 |
| | | Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde | |
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| 1256 |
| | | Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia | |
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| 1257 |
| | | The Persian poet Sa'di publishes his Bustan ('Orchard'), a collection of moral tales in verse | |
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